Prevelar Merger

Where do bag, egg, and vague rhyme?
New phase started Fall 2024!

In some parts of the country, "egg" often rhymes with "vague," and some people say "bag" the same way, too.

In the Northwest, this merger (collapsing of sound categories) affects three front vowel sounds /æ, ɛ, e/ before voiced velar consonants /ɡ, ŋ/ ("hard-G" and "NG").  In sociolinguistic interviews with Seattleites, young adults were less likely than their parents or grandparents to pronounce "tag, bag, lag" like "beg."  In another study, I recorded people in a formal lab setting, where many pronounced the sounds as different -- like the vowels in "bat, bet, bait."  In a perception study, young adults categorized all three vowel sounds as merged, but older people did not.  These patterns suggest that /æ, ɛ, e/ before /ɡ/ have become more merged over the generations, but merger is not as acceptable in formal settings, and young people may be avoiding it.

See project news here.

New! Lisa Sullivan is leading a new project to map prevelar merger across North America. See https://lisasullivan.ca/linguistic-data-collection-web-app/ ​and project news and the Student Corner for more.

Papers & Presentations

 (*student author)

• Sullivan, L., Freeman, V., & Tracy-Ventura, N. (to appear 2025, June). Introducing a web app for linguistic data collection. Canadian Linguistic Association (CLA), Montreal, Canada.
  
• Sullivan, L. & Freeman, V. (to appear 2025, May). Introducing a web app for widespread collection of sociophonetic data. Acoustical Society of America (ASA), New Orleans, LA.
  
• Freeman, V. (2024, March). Prevelar vowel mergers: An overview. Friends of Oklahoma Language Studies (FOOLS), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
• Freeman, V. (2023). Production and perception of prevelar merger: Two-dimensional comparisons using Pillai scores and confusion matrices. Journal of Phonetics, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2023.101213
• Freeman, V. (2021). Vague eggs and tags: Prevelar merger in Seattle. Language Variation and Change, 33(1), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394521000028.
• Freeman, V. (2019). Prevelar merger in production vs. perception.  Proceedings of the International Congress on Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS), Melbourne, Australia.
• Freeman, V. (2018, June). Vowel overlap metrics for both production and perception. Poster, PhonFest 2018, Bloomington, IN.

• Freeman, V. (2016, September). Style-shifting of prevelar merger more sensitive to setting than task. Experimental Approaches to Perception and Production of Language Variation (ExApp), Vienna, Austria. 
• *Freeman, V. (2015). Perceptual distribution of merging phonemes. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (BLS 41), Berkeley, CA. [slides]
• *Freeman, V. (2015, January). The prevelar vowel system in Seattle. Poster, American Dialect Society (ADS), Portland, OR.
• *Freeman, V. (2014, October). Bag, beg, bagel: Prevelar raising and merger in Seattle Caucasians. New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV), Chicago, IL.
• *Freeman, V. (2014). Bag, beg, bagel: Prevelar raising and merger in Pacific Northwest English. University of Washington Working Papers in Linguistics, 32. Seattle, WA: Linguistics Society at the University of Washington.
• *Freeman, V. (2014, March). Social differentiation of bag-raising in Seattle Caucasians. Cascadia Workshop in Sociolinguistics (CWSL), Victoria, BC.

People & Related Work

Postdoc: 

• Lisa Sullivan 
  

Meet Student assistants here

​Related work:

• Pacific Northwest English Project (University of Washington)
• Lisa Sullivan's work on prevelar raising
• Similar methods/research question: Oklahoma English Project

Student Corner

New opportunity! Join the Prevelar Mapping project!

• Work with me and a postdoc to map where people say "bag, leg, vague" similarly in North America.
• Help create an interactive website and app to collect audio recordings and perceptions while providing info-taining public education on dialects and linguistic differences.
• Fall 2024 & Spring 2025: help prep materials, design tasks, plan recruitment, test interactive website/app
• Fall 2025: Finish/test website/app, collect & process data
• See a brief overview of the project here: bagbeg_intro.pdf

Data and materials:

• Dataset (A): 20 audio-recorded sociolinguistic interviews with White Seattleites in two age groups (half young adult, half middle-age), evenly split by gender, some with family, 2-3 hours each, conducted in homes or libraries. Included tasks: conversation/interview about family history in area, minimal pairs, reading passage, 300-word list in carrier phrase.
• Dataset (B1): Button-box responses from 20 Northwesterners (WA, OR, ID) in three age groups (younger, middle-age, older adults) who heard synthetic /b_/ syllables with front vowels and indicated which /b_d/ or /b_g/ word each could be.
• Dataset (B2): Audio-recordings of each participant from B1 reading a 40-word list (3 times each) for each English vowel and front prevelars. 17 speakers are also in Dataset C.
• Dataset (C): Stereo audio-recordings of adult Northwesterners in age- and gender-matched pairs completing six collaborative tasks in sound booth. Overlap of 17 speakers from Dataset B. See Dr. Freeman for details.
• Time-aligned Praat TextGrids of word lists, passages, and two collaborative tasks with hand-corrected boundaries for at least all measured vowels
• Measurements (F1, F2, F3, f0, duration) of plain, prevelar, and prenasal vowels
• Audio of synthetic front-vowel /bV/ syllables (B1)
• Spreadsheets of responses and response times (B1)
• TextGrids with stance annotations for two collaborative tasks (C)
• Participant demographics (all); social network worksheets and interview notes (A)
• Interview scripts, experiment instructions, prompt slides, passages, lists, consent, flyers, email scripts, IRB forms, etc.
• R scripts for plots and stats (all); PsychoPy experiment and SynthWorks files (B1); stance annotation protocols (C)

Project ideas:

• Compare pronunciations between Northwest and Oklahoma English
• Examine prevelar mergers or prenasal vowel trajectories in Oklahoma
• Play Northwestern prevelars to Northwesterners to see if they can tell near-merged minimal pairs apart
• Play Northwestern prevelars to Oklahomans: Can they tell them apart? Are they confusing? How do they react/what are their first impressions of the speakers?
• Play Oklahoman prelaterals to Northwesterners to see how they perceive/react 
• Consider prelateral mergers in Northwesterners​